Reducing road dangers for tourists require emergency stations and roadside assistance during different events. And other services between the way such as residance that have a good place to relax, reduce stress and achieve a high degree of satisfaction to tourists. The establishment of these complexes and job creation is to expand the surrounding areas. Characteristics for site selection and design of road residence, is dependent on climatic conditions of region. Iranian people, especially citizens in areas that are warm invented ways to cope with the harsh climate. Earth sheltered architecture as one of these methods to build resorts, architecture, use of Abuttals to the outer walls of the building as thermal mass to reduce heat dissipation and protection is easy to keep indoor air temperature. In the present study after studies and determine the main characteristics to locate the earth sheltered road residence in Semnan province using geographic information system, The data of each characteristics by taking into account the weighted professionals in the field, And in order of priority to the phased approach of drawing layer and is applied in the desired range. So at any step after the check, void the test areas were removed and applied to the appropriate areas remained next step. In this way, all indexes are applied and On this basis the final map was drawn from the model, They finally selected site within 20 kilometers East of Shahrood city, is located on the north side of the shahrood-sabzevar international road As the best location for the project was chosen road residence with approach to earth sheltered architecture.

One of the essential factors in Iranian architecture is the windcatcher (BĀ DGĪ R). Iranian architects have been applied this element to the climate designing approach. Wind catcher is a static cooling system, which provides buildings with natural ventilation using renewable wind energy. Moreover, windcatcher has been known as one of the most effective elements in ancient Iranian city; so that they have been identified as the second most important elements of the city skyline after Minarets. Nowadays, the construction industry and heating and cooling systems using 40% and 60% of the world’ s energy, respectively, are considered serious threats to the environment. Therefore, passive systems like windcatchers could be adequate replacements with respect to energy consumption. The current project aims to study windcatchers in the traditional architecture of Semnan. The thirty-seven architecturally valuable buildings were selected in the field study, and their windcatchers’ characteristics were evaluated. Results show that buildings such as Cistern (ā b-anbā r), Government House, and historical houses had windcatchers in the past. Windcatchers have northward direction, X-shape blades, heights between 2 to 11. 5 meters, and often horizontal roof. Some of the windcatchers are decorated using bricks, stucco, or cob, but the others have no decoration.

Aims & Backgrounds This study aims to identify the typology of wind-catchers in Semnan province as an example of traditional architecture based on sustainable development patterns. Methodology This is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, which has been done through library and field study. The methodology has been a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, 37 items were selected as the main samples and evaluated using five evaluation indicators. In these perceptions, the selected buildings and especially their wind-catchers were carefully examined and their maps were drawn accurately, and then by examining and comparing the obtained maps, different types of wind-catchers were categorized in separate categories according to the similarities and differences. Findings The results showed that 10. 8% of wind catchers are two-way and 89. 2% are four-way. Examination of wind towers’,plan of wind-catchers in the plan shows all wind-catchers studied wind catchers are connected to the hall,45. 9% of them are located in the symmetry axis of the hall and 54. 1% are located in the corner of the hall. Examination of the windshield plan showed that 29. 7% of the windshields had a square plan and 70. 3% had a rectangular plan. The results showed that 40. 5% of wind-catchers ventilate only the ground floor, while 59. 5% ventilate the basement. Moreover, 27% of wind towers have a square shelf, 46% have a vertical rectangular shelf and 27% have windshields with a horizontal rectangular shelf. The western half of the province has more wind-catchers than the eastern and northern half. Conclusion By applying the principles of traditional architecture in line with the climate, it is possible to meet some of today’, s architectural needs such as air conditioning and optimal energy consumption.

Background: To determine the seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis which is one of the most important zoonotic diseases by ELISA using native antigen B in Semnan and Sorkheh, Semnan province, Iran, where no significant information about human infection exists. Methods: Overall, 957 human serum samples were randomly prepared from Semnan, Sorkheh, and its 13 surrounding villages in different seasons from 2017 to 2018. Antigen B was prepared from native hydatid cyst fluid of domestic sheep. All serum samples were evaluated by ELISA while the suspected cases were rechecked. The cut-off was calculated as the X̄, ±, 2SD. Results: Overall, 48(5%) out of 957 (422 males and 535 females) were positive for hydatidosis. The seropositivity based on sex showed 20(2. 1%) out of 422 in males and 28(2. 9%) out of 535 in females. The distribution of seropositive samples based on residence area showed 41 (4. 3) out of 882 in urban and 7 (0. 7) out of 75 in rural areas. The highest seroprevalence cases was among housewives (2. 1%) followed by employers (1. 5%). Based on education, source of drinking water, and age groups the highest seropositivity was observed in high school and less, in the plumping water consumers, and 50 to 59 yr old age group, respectively. There was a significant difference between seropositivity with occupation, literacy, and age group (P<0. 05). Semnan with 4% seropositivity had the highest prevalence followed by Sorkheh, county. Conclusion: High prevalence of the disease in this area emphasizes the importance of increasing people's awareness about hydatidosis.

Today, due to the fact that non-renewable energy resources are running out and the destruction caused by the use of these resources leads to the environment, The attention of countries has been drawn towards the use of renewable resources and sustainable development. At this time, the attitude towards green architectural approaches in schools has a special place because in addition to observing the basic points of green buildings and saving energy, the existence of such schools is an educational tool for teaching sustainable practices to students. The purpose of this research is to investigate the degree of realization of the components of green schools based on the LEED standard tool with an ecological approach in the secondary schools of Semnan province for improvement. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method and rating and scoring tool, the present research is LEED in the sense of design and environmental guide. The statistical population includes all secondary schools in Semnan province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and standard indicators, after collecting information and data from the questionnaires, The data were analyzed using Spss software version 22 and with descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the LEED index for checking the improvement of suitable schools and from the point of view of having green schools and components are in the lower than average range.

Reptiles are important components of natural ecosystems but because of limited dispersal ability they are sensitive to habitat destruction, road development and climate change. However, very little is known about their diversity and distribution in protected areas of Iran. In this study, reptiles of Touran Biosphere Reserve were collected, photographed and identified from 2014 to 2021. Results showed that 36 reptile species including 20 lizards, 15 snakes and 1 tortoise are living in the Touran Biosphere Reserve. Families Agamidae and Gekkonidae where the most diverse families among the lizard species and family Colubridae was the most diverse family among the snake species. Testudo horsfieldii and Varanus griseus are species with conservation concern thus they need special conservation programs.

Objective(s): To determining of sodium nitrite in susage and compasion with amount of standard and change of nitrite in the course of time. Methods: For sampling, took action in thirty different time production (P<0.05) from every one of eleven factory products that enter meat products to Semnan Province and samples transferred to laboratory. For determining of nitrite was used from standard number 923 that has been given by Iran standard office. After the determining of nitrite concentration in samples was taken action respect estimation of confidence space mean with P<0.05 in total samples and was analyzed meanings with amount of standard. Results: In examination of nitrite in products gave in susags A 54.5 and 55.16, in B 33 and 26.33, in C 7.9 and 7.73, in D 32.1 and 31.33, in E 23.47 and 19.23, in F 54.9 and 48.77 and in C (Tehran) 36.17 and 25.7, in H 19.3 and 13.57, in L 20.43 and 22.9, in K 39.8 and 34, in M 36.6 and 14.63 milligram in kilogram that amounts of theirs with P<0.05 had very meaning different with amount of standard. In examination A products for determining of time effect amount of nitrite gave in first, seventh, tenth, fourteenth day in manner 50, 43, 42, 39 and in F products in first, seventh, fourteenth in manner 52, 51, 42 milligram in kilogram. Conclusion: In products of A, D, F, B, E, G, C, H, K, L, M, amount of nitrite was lower than standard and was not problem in this products. Also with examination one sample of products two factories in different times was distinguished that amount of nitrite decreases in meat products in the course of time.

Natural establishment and distribution of rangeland plants depend on environmental conditions and the plants characteristics, especially plant genetic. Artemisia species are distributed in arid and semi - arid regions.They have economic value and protect soils from erosions in harsh coditions. The effect of environmental conditions on distribution, morphology and anatomy of five species of Artemisia sieberi, A. aucheri, A. diffuse, A. santalina and A. deserti were studied. The plant height, canopy cover, canopy diameter and plant density in each plant type were estimated. Soil samples for measurments of soil texture pH, EC. Organic mater, organic carbon and calcic were taken. The plants leaf area, leaf thickness, specific leaf area and the water tissue of the plants were measured. Stomata density in upper and lower leaf area, paranchyma, xylem and phloem, epiderm and cuticle of the leaves were observed. The results showed that A. sieberi was distributed more areas than the other species. This species have been grown from altitude of 900m to 1900m sea level and in loame - sandy of soils. Distribution of A. aucheri was depended on topography and soil texture, especially the amount of silt - clay and loame - clay soils. A. deserti had the heighest while A. aucheri and A. diffusa the lowest height. Leaf area of A. santalina and leaf thickness of A. deserti was more than other species respectively. Canopy cover and canopy and canopy diameter of A. santa/ona and A. deserti was mare than A. diffusa, A. sieberi and A. aucheri. There were differences between stomata number in upper and lower leaf area.

Background & aim: Despite the success of family planning programs in Iran in the recent decades, considerable proportions of pregnancies are still unintended and can be a cause of poor mental and physical health of the mother and child. The aim of this study was to investigate some important factors affecting uplanned pregnancies among married women in Semnan province, one of the developed provinces of Iran with below replacement fertility level.Methods: The data for this study were drawn from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Semnan province in 2014. A total of 363 married women within the age range of 15-49 years who were pregnant or had the history of at least one delivery were considered. The study sample was selected using multi-stage stratified sampling method. The data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire with 90 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.88. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 20) using Crammer’s V coefficients and Chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis was also applied to model the risk of unintended pregnancies based on selected covariates.Results: According to the results, around 18.2% of the pregnancies were unplanned, 7.7% and 10.5% of which were mistimed and unwanted, respectively. Based on the logistic regression analysis, birth cohort, number of children ever born, and contraceptive methods had significant effects on the risk of unintended pregnancies. Furthermore, about 48% of the women experiencing unintended pregnancy were using a traditional contraceptive method before or at the time of the conception.Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the women who used contraceptive method, as well as those with higher number of children and younger birth cohorts had higher risk of unplanned pregnancies. It should be noted that the majority of unplanned pregnancies among the women in younger birth cohort were mistimed pregnancies. So it is recommended to continue offering family planning and health services to these women in order to prevent unplanned pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and many chronic diseases.

Hoverflies (Dip: Syrphidae) are one of the most important natural enemies of aphids. Their larvae are predators of aphids and play an important role in ensuring biological balance. In order to identify hoverfly fauna, some specimens of adults were collected during 2005 and 2006 using a sweeping net in Damghan in the center of Semnan Province. The data were analyzed using the Margalov (Dmg) and Shanon-Winer (H') indices. The maximum diversity and abundance of species in Damghan was recorded in fourth week of Khordad month (mid-June) (Dmg=28.861, H'=0.933). The results showed that 2-, species belonging to 14 genera were identified and that all of them are recorded for the first time from Semnan Province.